"Powering Progress" Panel: Insights from Andy Moon, Reunion CEO with Edison Energy

Transferable tax credit pricing has increased in the latter half of 2024, particularly for large, "clean" ITCs

The increase in pricing reflects a seasonal supply-demand imbalance caused by the following:

• Corporate taxpayers have a firm and clear estimate of their 2024 tax liability, and many new tax credit buyers have stepped into the market. They are now scrambling to find credits to offset that liability
• The supply of 2024 credits, particularly large credit volumes, have dwindled given the amount of transaction activity throughout the year

We expect pricing for 2024 credits to remain inflated through the end of the year and into 2025. This intra year supply-demand imbalance was also observed in 2023.

While pricing has increased across all credit types, the most marked increase has been with large, straightforward ITC projects. For most of the year, these opportunities traded in the $0.92 to $0.93 range, but as of Q3 we are seeing buyers bid $0.94 or even $0.95. The spread between ITCs and production credits (§45 PTCs and §45X AMPCs) has narrowed considerably.

Sellers have started marketing high quality 2025 tax credit opportunities and are actively seeking buyer commitments. We believe that buyers that are willing to shop now for 2025 credits will be able to access a wide range of credit opportunities, with less competition.

We have also observed sellers running competitive RFP processes, and are receiving multiple bids – in some cases, upwards of ten qualified bids. Examples of projects that have received multiple bids with high valuations:

• $130M solar ITC from an investment grade seller, exempt from prevailing wage requirements
• $150M solar and storage ITC from a reputable seller with a very strong balance sheet. No step-up in cost basis and exempt from PWA requirements

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Corporate buyers should develop their 2025 tax credit acquisition strategy now to avoid the late-year credit frenzy

Reunion is seeing an increasing number of high quality sellers marketing their 2025 projects now and placing tight deadlines on accepting bids. Even though pricing may not be optimal due to a lower number of buyers ready to look at 2025 credits, these sellers want to put a tax credit purchase agreement in place so they can obtain a bridge loan against their tax credit commitments.

Buyers who are able to commit to 2025 credits now will get access to a wider selection of project opportunities, and potentially better pricing, as only a subset of buyers have enough visibility into 2025 tax liabilities to be able to commit early. They’ll also avoid “chasing credits” in the latter-half of 2025.

Buyers who are able to execute tax credit transfer agreements now have a significant advantage

For buyers with uncertainty around their tax liability, one option is to initially target a purchase volume that is significantly lower (e.g., 50%) than projected tax liability. The buyer can purchase additional tranches of credits later in 2025 as their tax position becomes more clear. (We previously discussed the strategy of topping up on credits.) Purchasing tranches of credits to “top up” also carry the benefit of less competition for smaller credits, resulting in potentially better pricing.

Buyers who are willing to go slightly out of pocket will also be in an advantageous position

A majority of corporate tax credit buyers do not want to go “out of pocket” to acquire clean energy tax credits, preferring to align tax credit purchases with their quarterly estimated tax payments. Typically, the internal approval process for a cost savings effort (e.g., paying a clean energy developer $95M in lieu of paying $100M to the IRS, at approximately the same time) is easier than requesting an out-of-pocket investment to buy credits that generate tax savings in the future. 

Buyers who are willing to go slightly “out of pocket” — for example, willingness to pay for an ITC in Q1, Q2, or even Q3 — will enjoy a less competition, and a larger discount to compensate for timing of payment. These out-of-pocket investments can present attractive economics to buyers, with IRRs over 20%. 

We can see this in a sample $100M ITC purchase from a project that will be placed in service in Q1 2024. Let’s assume a buyer and seller execute a tax credit transfer agreement in Q4 2024 (11/15/2024) for a utility-scale solar project that is expected to be placed in service in Q1 2024 (3/15/2024). If the buyer agrees to pay for the credits as soon as the project is placed in service, they could reasonably expect to pay $0.93, as they will essentially be “pre-paying” their taxes in Q1 and will get the benefit of the tax offset during their quarterly estimated tax payment dates.

Even though the buyer goes out of pocket in this scenario, the investment generates an attractive 20.3% IRR and $7.0M tax savings.

Consider smaller projects for better economics 

Buyers and sellers want as few counterparties as possible. If a buyer has a $160M tax credit appetite, they want to find one project as close to a $160M as possible.  

Focusing on a single, large transaction, however, can present challenging economics because as we noted, there are many large taxpayers that all want to find a large, straightforward transaction.

Simply moving from a single transaction of $100M to three transactions of $30M can meaningfully improve deal economics without necessarily adding undue risk or complexity. Through Q3 2024, for example, smaller 45X AMPCs deals priced approximately a cent below larger 45X AMPCs deals.

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Set expectations with internal stakeholders on pricing dynamics for 2024 credits

Companies looking to pursue sizable 2024 ITC opportunities should expect credits to trade at a premium. Buyers should set expectations to bid $0.94, $0.95, or even slightly higher to win the most coveted opportunities. 

Additional 2024 credit opportunities will arise as the year draws to a close, and we also predict that additional opportunities will arise shortly after January 1. What we observed last year is that a number of tax credit sellers were not sure if their ITCs would be placed in service in the current year or the subsequent year, so they waited until they had certainty on the tax credit year (i.e., after January 1) to market their credits. That said, we predict that a large number of tax credit buyers will continue to compete over these 2024 credits, particularly for larger opportunities.

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Companies should start evaluating 2025 clean energy tax credit investments now

Corporations who are comfortable with their 2025 tax liability and are willing to go a bit out of pocket should begin shifting their attention to 2025. Q4 2024 is a good time to lock in some of the most attractive 2025 deals, particularly for larger ITC, PTC, and AMPC opportunities.

Our transactions team would be happy to assemble indicative cashflow scenarios. Contact us today.

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Executive summary

Over the past 12 months, the rate of growth in the transferable tax credit market has continually surprised industry observers and participants.

Reunion has analyzed how large the transferable tax credit market could be on an annual basis, as well as the size of various monetization strategies – tax equity, direct pay, retention, and transfer.

We estimate that the total size of the transferable tax credit market in 2024 will range from $45B to $50B, which will be broken into four key monetization strategies:

• Transfer: $21B to $24B
• Tax equity: $21B to $23B
• Retain: $1.8B to $2.4B
• Direct pay: $0.8B to $1.0B

Over a nine-year period, Reunion estimates the total volume of clean energy tax credits to steadily climb, surpassing $90B in 2030.

Of the annual total, we expect approximately 50% to 60% to be monetized through transferability.

We ran our estimate through 2032 for two reasons. Under the §45X credit, manufactured components are subject to a four-year phase-down beginning in 2030 (75%, 50%, 25%, 0%). Therefore, manufactured components will no longer be eligible for the §45X after 2032. Also, 2032 is the first potential "applicable year" for the four-year phase-out of the §45Y PTC and §48E ITC.

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Jump to a section

• Total transfer market: How many clean energy tax credits will be transfer in 2024?
• Tax equity: How many clean energy tax credits that are eligible for transferability will be monetized through traditional tax equity in 2024?‍
• Direct pay: How many clean energy tax credits that are eligible for transferability will be monetized through direct pay in 2024?‍
• Retain: How many clean energy tax credits that are eligible for transferability will be monetized directly by the developer, manufacturer, or refiner in 2024?‍
• Transfer: How many clean energy tax credits will be transferred in 2024?
• Stranded: How many clean energy tax credits will not be monetized in 2024?
• Looking ahead: How many clean energy tax credits will be eligible for transfer through 2032? Of these, how many will be transferred?

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TOTAL TRANSFER MARKET: $45B - $50B

How many clean energy tax credits will be eligible for transfer in 2024?

To estimate the total size of the market for transferable tax credits in 2024, we reviewed several existing estimates by industry observers:

• Congressional Budget Office
• Credit Suisse
• Evercore ISI
• Goldman Sachs
• University of Pennsylvania, Penn Wharton Budget Model

Our analysis identified two key trends:‍

• ‍A significant increase in estimates following the passage of the IRA: Before August 2022, estimates of the volume of tax credits that would be generated following the passage of the IRA were clustered below $20B. After the IRA became law, estimates markedly increased
• ‍Clustering between $45B and $50B: More recent estimates have fallen between $45B and $50B

$19B | University of Pennsylvania, Penn Wharton Budget Model (July 2022)

Shortly before the passage of the IRA, the University of Pennsylvania's Penn Wharton Budget Model (PWBM) provided a preliminary estimate of the budgetary effects of the legislation from 2022 through 2031.

The report pegged the ten-year cost of the IRA's "climate and energy" provisions at $369B and the 2024 cost at $35.7B. Importantly, PWBM's climate and energy bucket includes several sets of provisions:

• Tax rebates and credits to lower energy costs for households
• Tax credits, research, loans, and grants to increase domestic manufacturing capacity for wind turbines, solar panels, batteries, and other essential components of clean energy production and storage
• Tax credits to reduce carbon emissions
• Programs to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture
• A new fee on methane emissions

To isolate transferable tax credits, we can pull percentages for the various climate and energy provisions from an updated PWBM analysis (which we'll discuss in further detail): 

The resulting cost of transferable tax credits for 2024, then, is 54% of $35.7B, or $19.2B. If we apply the same percentage to the ten-year window, we arrive at a total cost of $198.3B for transferable tax credits.

$11B | Congressional Budget Office (August 2022)

In an August 2022 report, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimated the annualized budgetary effects of the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) from 2022 to 2031. The report covers the entirety of the IRA, although transferable tax credits are broken out by their IRA section. IRA section 13101, for example, extends the §45 PTC.

The CBO estimates the ten-year budgetary impacts of transferable tax credits at $209.8B, $10.5B of which is in 2024.

$20B | University of Pennsylvania, Penn Wharton Budget Model (August 2022)

Once the Senate had passed the IRA, PWBM updated their July 2022 estimated budgetary effects of the IRA. The analysis, from August 2022, resulted in a slight uptick in cost across the board.

To estimate the size of the transferable tax credit market, we have to again scale the "climate and energy" provisions by 54%. The result is $20.0B for 2024 and $206.8B for 2022 through 2031.

$49B | Credit Suisse (November 2022)

Credit Suisse produced one of several analyses that argued initial estimates of the size of the IRA were low – perhaps as much as 3x too low:

"Climate spending will likely be significantly higher than the headline estimate. Roughly two-thirds of the baseline spending is allocated to provisions where the potential federal credit/incentive is uncapped. Our assessment of potential demand for clean electricity production tax credits (PTC) and investment tax credits (ITC), carbon capture, clean hydrogen, and renewable/battery manufacturing credits shows federal spending could reach >3x the cost estimates assigned for these key provisions. The advanced manufacturing provision alone could cost US$250 billion given the credits across solar, wind, and battery supply chains."

Credit Suisse estimated the ten-year cost of transferable tax credits at $528B and the 2024 cost at $49B.

Wood Mackenzie similarly argued that the long-term cost of the IRA would greatly surpass initial estimates. However, Wood Mackenzie focused their analysis on ITCs and PTCs from solar, wind, and storage, so we omitted it from our review.

$33B | Goldman Sachs (March 2023)

Goldman Sachs published an in-depth analysis of the costs and benefits of the IRA and, like Credit Suisse, concluded that early estimates were drastically low. Goldman Sachs estimated the IRA will cost the U.S. government $1.2T by 2032, with some incentives continuing into 2040.

To arrive at an estimate for the 2024 tax credit market, we should remove EVs and buildings from Goldman's estimate because these credits apply largely to individuals and will not be transferred. In exhibit 18, Goldman Sachs estimates that EV- and biofuel-related IRA programs will cost the U.S. government $393B and $43B, respectively.

If we apply this ratio – 90.1% EVs, 9.9% biofuels – to the combined 2024 estimate for “EVs and biofuels,” we remove approximately $9B of cost from 2024, resulting in an annual total of approximately $35B. Buildings further reduce this estimate by approximately $2B, resulting in an 2024 cost of approximately $33B.

Although Goldman Sachs did not publish a year-by-year estimate for transferable tax credits, they assembled a chart of annual IRA spending:

$48B | University of Pennsylvania, Penn Wharton Budget Model (April 2023)

Shortly after the Goldman Sachs report, PWBM released a third estimate of the budgetary effects of the IRA. Importantly, GWBM relied heavily on the Goldman Sachs report: "In preparing these updated estimates, PWBM consulted with private sector experts to understand the likely growth in utilization by climate and energy provision. We are especially grateful to the energy team at Goldman Sachs who helped break down each area and further aided our efforts to produce a budget score against the pre-IRA baseline."

PWBM estimated the total cost of the IRA's energy and climate provisions from 2023 through 2032 – a new ten-year window – at $1.0B. If we isolate transferable tax credits, we arrive at a total of $561B.

We can allocate the $561B total over the ten-year window, assuming a similar annual allocation percentage from PWBM's earlier estimates. Under this assumption, we get $48.3B for 2024.

$47B | Evercore ISI (April 2024)

“Drawing on projections from the U.S. Treasury,” Evercore ISI estimated that the “total addressable market of potentially transferable energy tax credits is $47 billion in 2024.” Evercore notes that “not all these credits will ultimately be transferred” – a key detail we'll explore below.

Viewing the estimates through time

When viewed through time, the eight estimates we've examined exhibit two trends:

• A significant increase in estimates following the passage of the IRA: Before August 2022, estimates of the volume of tax credits that would be generated following the passage of the IRA were clustered below $20B. After the IRA became law, estimates markedly increased
• ‍Clustering between $45B and $50B: More recent estimates have tended to fall in the high $40B range

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TAX EQUITY: $21B - $23B

How many clean energy tax credits that are eligible for transferability will be monetized through traditional tax equity in 2024?

With the passage of the IRA, clean energy tax credits can be monetized through transferability, traditional tax equity, or "hybrid" structures involving some mix of both. To properly size the transferability market, then, we need to remove "pure play" tax equity.

Although precise tax equity transaction volumes are not publicly available, Norton Rose Fulbright provides reliable snapshots in their annual cost of capital webinar. In the 2024 cost of capital webinar, for example, Jack Cargas of Bank of America and Rubiao Song of JPMorgan estimated the 2023 tax equity market at $20B to $22B: 

• Jack Cargas, Bank of America: "We estimate that the volume was $20 to $21 billion [in 2023], roughly in the same ballpark as the year before."
• Rubiao Song, JPMorgan: "We saw a slight uptick in tax equity volume in 2023 compared to 2022.  We put the traditional tax equity at $21 to $22 billion in 2023."

We can create a ten-year series by reviewing the transcripts from prior years – 2023, 2022, 2021, etc.

When estimating 2024 tax equity volumes, Rubiao Song said, "If the economy remains strong, we could see tax equity volume growing by single-to-low double digits."

Despite uncertainty around the potential impacts of Basel III requirements on tax equity investments, Reunion estimates that $21B to $23B of tax credits will be monetized through traditional tax equity in 2024.

Importantly, the amount of tax equity investment is not directly representative of tax credit generation, as some amount of investment is associated with benefits of depreciation and the rights to future project cash flows. However, for purposes of this simplified analysis, we have ignored this distinction and will address it in future discussions.

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DIRECT PAY: $0.8B - $1.0B

How many clean energy tax credits that are eligible for transferability will be monetized through direct pay in 2024?

Of the approximately $47B in 2024 tax credits that are eligible for transfer, some will be monetized through direct pay. As Evercore notes in their report, "For a subset of credits" – 45X, 45Q, and 45V – "companies may take advantage of a time-limited provision through which they can receive the credit as a direct payment from the [IRS] after filing their tax returns." 

Evercore goes on to emphasize that, "Figures on project registrations released by the U.S. Treasury suggest that even in cases where the seller would have the option for 'direct pay' after filing tax returns, the vast majority are still opting for transfer."

As the Treasury stated, "More than 98% of...facilities or projects are pursuing transferability."

Based on Reunion's 2024 transactions data, which covers nearly $5B in verified transactions, Reunion estimates $0.8B to $1.0B in 2024 tax credits will be monetized through direct pay in 2024. (We can perform a simple check on our estimate by scaling our $47B total market value by 98%, which results in $0.94B.)

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RETAIN: $1.8B - $2.4B

How many clean energy tax credits that are eligible for transferability will be monetized directly by the developer, manufacturer, or refiner in 2024?

Based on SEC filings from large, publicly traded utilities, Reunion estimates that 4% to 5% of 2024 tax credits will be retained by developers, manufacturers, and refiners to offset their own tax liability. They will not, in other words, transfer all of their IRA tax credits.

In their 2023 10-K, for example, Duke Energy states, "...due to its existing tax attributes and projected tax credits to be generated related to the IRA, Duke Energy does not expect to be a significant federal cash taxpayer until around 2030."

Reunion's estimates that $1.8B to $2.4B of clean energy tax credits will be retained by their originator.

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TRANSFER: $21B - $24B

How many clean energy tax credits will ultimately be transferred in 2024?

In the simplest sense, tax credit transfers become the "plug" in our equation: [total tax credit market] = [tax equity] + [direct pay] + [retention] + [transfer].

Recognizing that we have provided estimated ranges for each value, we can create a "high" and "low" case resulting in an estimated transfer market range of $21B to $24B.

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"STRANDED" CREDITS

How many clean energy tax credits will fail to be monetized, irrespective of strategy?

Although we've focused our anaylsis on accretive monetization strategies, it's worth noting the existence of a fifth bucket: "stranded" credits. These are credits that are generated but, for whatever reason, not monetized through tax equity, transferability, direct pay, or retention.

Reunion has seen stranded credits first-hand with smaller developers who were unable to successfully transfer 2023 credits with values in the low hundreds of thousands. We also assume some stranded credits will emerge from developers in financial distress.

We believe stranded credits constitute a de minimis and hard-to-estimate segment of the transferability market and have excluded them from our analysis.

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LOOKING AHEAD

How many clean energy tax credits will be eligible for transfer through the early 2030s? Of these, how many will be transferred?

We expect the overall tax credit market to grow by an average of 10% to 15% per year, peaking in 2030. The highest percentage of this growth will occur in transferability (versus other monetization strategies). We estimate that the total tax credit market will approach $700B through 2032, over $350B of which will be monetized through transferability.

We ran our estimate through 2032 for two reasons. Under the §45X credit, manufactured components are subject to a four-year phase-down beginning in 2030 (75%, 50%, 25%, 0%). Therefore, manufactured components will no longer be eligible for the §45X after 2032. Also, 2032 is the first potential "applicable year" for the four-year phase-out of the §45Y PTC and §48E ITC.

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Further updates to come

Reunion will update and refine this analysis as we facilitate more transactions and further data comes to market. If your team has data to share on an anonymized basis, we would welcome the opportunity to connect.

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Reunion recently surpassed $1.5B in clean energy tax credit sales in 2024. Our transactions have spanned solar, wind, battery storage, fuel cells, biomass, and advanced manufacturing components.

Our team works directly with dozens of Fortune 500 tax credit buyers and leading clean energy companies, and we have observed several emerging trends in 2024.

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Speed of execution is a critical factor in winning deals

An increasing number of deals are competitive bidding situations. Buyers should have a clear sense from relevant stakeholders — e.g., CFO, legal, board of directors — on what deal terms are acceptable and what specific approvals are required prior to starting the negotiation process, as delays can be the difference between winning and losing a deal.

We have seen several companies proactively establish investment thresholds that allow them to move quickly for the right credit.

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Very large credits carry premium pricing

There has been increased interest in tax credit purchases from major corporations that pay $500M to $1B or more in annual taxes, resulting in more competition for large credit opportunities.

These opportunities tend to trade at a premium — upwards of $0.01 to $0.02, depending on the credit type.

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Buyers are increasingly interested in ITCs

Many buyers were reluctant to pay for ITCs early in the year because doing so required them to “pre-pay” their taxes. Buyers, consequently, willing to purchase ITCs in Q1 or Q2 were rewarded with deeper discounts.

Now that we are in Q3 and payments for ITCs will not occur until later in the year, buyer interest has increased.

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Pricing on ITCs, PTCs, and AMPCs trended upward in Q3

Buyers, particularly ones that have bid and lost on tax credit opportunities, want to make sure that they lock in credits in time to offset Q3 and/or Q4 estimated tax payments.

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There is a price ceiling on ITC transactions

ITCs are still expected to trade at a wider discount compared to production credits. Although sellers often ask for mid-$0.90s pricing for ITCs, buyers typically push back since lower-risk PTCs or AMPCs would be available at similar pricing.

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Scope and coverage of insurance is a focus of deal negotiation

Initially, tax credit buyers demanded tax credit insurance to cover 100% or more of the tax credit value. We are seeing more flexibility in structures, whereby insurance may not cover the full tax credit amount due to presence of other risk mitigants such as portfolio diversification, creditworthy seller indemnities or parent guaranties.

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Buyer fee reimbursement becoming standard

‍Over the past few months, virtually every transaction we’ve executed has included a capped fee reimbursement for the buyer. The size of the reimbursement is largely dependent on the deal size.

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The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA) greatly expanded energy-related federal income tax credits and created Internal Revenue Code Section 6418, which allows eligible taxpayers to transfer, or sell, certain clean energy tax credits to unrelated parties for cash.

One key area of due diligence when purchasing a tax credit is to ensure that the project complies with prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements (PWA), which the IRA introduced to encourage a robust market for well-paying clean energy jobs.

Clean energy projects that comply with PWA requirements receive a five-times multiplier on the value of tax credits. If a tax credit buyer purchases a credit that later is found not to comply with PWA requirements, the buyer will face a recapture of the increased tax credit amount.

Buyers of tax credits should understand PWA requirements and the documentation required to ensure compliance. Buyers should also mitigate the risk of recapture due to PWA noncompliance with careful due diligence, contractual protections (including provisions requiring the tax credit seller to compensate the buyer for PWA noncompliance), and tax credit insurance.

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How PWA applies to each credit type

All but one of the IRA’s eleven transferable tax credits are subject to PWA requirements; the exception is the Section 45X advanced manufacturing production credit (AMPC). The following table shows how long PWA compliance is required for each credit.

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Projects that comply with PWA requirements receive a tax credit five times greater than non-PWA-compliant projects. For example, a solar project with a $100 million cost basis qualifies for a base tax credit amount of $6 million (assuming a Section 48 ITC). If the project meets PWA compliance, the tax credit amount increases to $30 million.

If a tax credit buyer purchases a credit that later is determined not to comply with PWA requirements, then the Internal Revenue Service will recapture the PWA multiplier portion of the credits, which is equivalent to eighty percent of the tax credit value — for example, $24 million of a $30 million credit. For Section 48 ITCs, the recapture is applied to the unvested portion of the credit (the ITC vests twenty percent annually over a five-year period).

As a result, buyers of tax credits must perform proper diligence on projects to ensure that the project will not later be found to fail to comply with PWA requirements.

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Summary of PWA requirements

Prevailing wage requirements

Prevailing wage rules require that certain workers be paid a minimum prevailing wage specified by the US Department of Labor (DOL). The DOL publishes a list of prevailing wages on www.sam.gov according to geographic location, labor classification, and type of construction. It is also important to use the correct wage determination based on timing of work, which is primarily driven by when construction begins.

If no applicable published wage rate is available, the taxpayer or project developer must request a supplemental wage determination from the DOL.

Apprenticeship requirements

The apprenticeship rules require that a certain percentage of labor hours during construction, alteration, or repair for a project be performed by a qualified apprentice. The minimum percentage of hours that must be performed by qualified apprentices is:

• 12.5% for projects that began construction in 2023
• 15.0% for projects that begin construction in 2024 or later

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Two exceptions to PWA compliance

The IRA includes two general exceptions to PWA requirements — the “beginning of construction” exception and the “one megawatt” exception. Projects that meet one of these exceptions receive the five-times credit multiplier without necessarily paying prevailing wages and employing qualified apprentices. Specifically:

• Beginning of construction: Projects that began construction before January 29, 2023, are generally exempt from the wage and apprenticeship rules, except for credits under Sections 48C and 45Z
• One megawatt: Projects under Sections 45 and 48 (and their replacements under Sections 45Y and 48E) are exempt from PWA if the maximum net output is less than one megawatt or the capacity of electrical or equivalent thermal storage is less than one megawatt

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PWA information developers should collect and maintain

In its August 2023 guidance, the Treasury provided a list of required and recommended documentation for PWA compliance. All documentation should cover every person working on the project, including contractors and subcontractors. Subcontractors may be several companies removed from the actual sponsor of the project.

Required PWA information

According to the IRS guidance from August 2023, PWA documentation must include “payroll records for each laborer and mechanic (including each qualified apprentice) employed by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor employed.”

Recommended PWA information

The IRS also recommends collecting additional documentation. Nine of the recommended items relate to wages — including the name, social security number, address, and email address for each laborer and mechanic — and five items relate to apprentices. Buyers should require this optional documentation, which can be found in Proposed Regulations Section 1.45-12(b) and (c).

Additionally, the PWA’s proposed labor requirements have significant overlap with the Davis- Bacon Act — a nearly century-old federal law. Some project developers document certified payroll, a practice required for federal projects subject to Davis-Bacon rules, although not required under the IRA. Each employee on the certified payroll must receive weekly payment for work performed and must have their legal name, address, correct job classification, rate of prevailing wage pay, daily hours worked, weekly hours worked, and amount paid clearly recorded on the required certified payroll report. Other project developers use the certified payroll form, WH-347, when compiling and maintaining payroll records.

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Opportunity to cure if a project fails to comply

If a clean energy project claims an increased PWA credit value and the IRS later determines the project did not meet PWA requirements, the tax credit is not automatically reduced to the base rate. A deficiency can be cured within 180 days after the IRS identifies a failure.

The seller of the tax credit has a strong incentive to cure any PWA issues, as it typically signs an indemnity to compensate the buyer in the event of a recapture of tax credits. The seller is also closer to the underlying compliance issue. That said, the buyer should require the seller to provide notification of any failure to meet PWA requirements; the buyer may want to step in and make penalty payments on behalf of the seller if there is substantial doubt as to whether the seller will make the cure.

Requirements for curing prevailing wage deficiencies

To cure prevailing wage defects, the taxpayer or project developer must:

• Pay the affected laborers or mechanics the difference between what they were paid and the amount they were required to have been paid (multiplied by three for intentional disregard), plus interest at the federal short-term rate (as defined in IRC Section 6621) plus six percent; and
• Pay a penalty to the IRS of $5,000 (or $10,000 for intentional disregard) for each laborer or mechanic who was not paid at the prevailing wage rate during the year

Requirements for curing apprenticeship deficiencies

To cure a failure to meet the apprenticeship requirements, project developers must pay a penalty of $50 multiplied by the total labor hours for which the apprenticeship requirements were not met. The amount of the penalty with respect to the apprenticeship requirements is also increased to $500 per labor hour if the IRS determines the failure was due to intentional disregard.

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Buyers have several tools to mitigate risk of PWA noncompliance

Buyers should proactively manage risk concerning PWA compliance. Buyers have three primary risk management tools at their disposal:

• Comprehensive due diligence
• Properly structured tax credit transfer agreement (TCTA)
• Tax credit insurance

Comprehensive due diligence

Proper and comprehensive due diligence is critical for tax credit purchasers.

Project developers currently document PWA in a variety of ways, from manual capture in spreadsheets to certifi ed payroll systems to the use of third-party consultants.

Buyers should understand the process by which PWA information is tracked so they can reconstruct payment records in the event of an IRS challenge. Each contractor and subcontractor should have a system in place to document payroll. In addition, proper records should be kept so workers who were underpaid can be located and compensated to cure any failure to meet PWA requirements.

In the case of the Section 48 ITC, the seller should also provide any information or compliance reports the IRS requires during the five-year recapture period.

Properly structured TCTA

Buyers bear the risk of any reduction in tax credit amount due to noncompliance with PWA. Buyers should ensure that the TCTA includes sufficient indemnity from the seller in the event of PWA noncompliance. The indemnity should make the buyer economically whole, including the cost of any penalties.

In addition, the TCTA should include several other clauses that protect tax credit buyers:

• Representations and warranties: The seller has complied with or is exempt from all recordkeeping requirements relating to the PWA requirements
• Indemnification: The seller’s indemnification obligations include any interest or penalties the IRS may impose because of PWA noncompliance
• Conditions precedent to closing: The seller must furnish evidence the project has complied with PWA requirements
• Post-closing obligations: The seller will comply with all laws and regulations required to qualify for and receive the PWA multiplier, including making the necessary filings, registrations, and elections with the IRS

Purchase tax credit insurance

Finally, tax credit insurance is available to mitigate the risk of noncompliance with PWA requirements. Tax credit insurance is recommended if the buyer has doubts about the ability of the seller to fulfill its indemnity obligation in the event of an IRS challenge. Tax credit insurance can be sized to make the buyer whole in the event the IRA imposes a penalty.

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Conclusion

For corporate taxpayers, transferable tax credits represent a new opportunity to reduce federal tax liabilities and achieve a strong risk-adjusted return while providing much-needed capital to clean energy projects. However, buyers are responsible for financial penalties imposed by the IRS due to noncompliance with PWA requirements.

Tax credit buyers should proactively mitigate the risk of penalties with careful due diligence, contractual protections, and tax credit insurance, ensuring that they preserve the full financial benefi t of their tax credit purchase.

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